https://www.arfr.ir/ Applied Research in Financial Reporting en daily 1 Tue, 23 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0330 Tue, 23 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0330 https://www.arfr.ir/article_230233.html Operational efficiency is the foundation of the company's strategic goals, and customer satisfaction and increasing shareholder wealth depend on the company's operational efficiency. On the other hand, different companies and institutions follow a certain policy according to each stage of their life cycle, and management factors have an impact on important management decisions and, as a result, on the growth and operational efficiency of the company; Therefore, the effect of behavioral strains, management ability and motivation on the operational efficiency of companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange during the life cycle was investigated. In terms of purpose, this research is applied, and in terms of data collection method, it is a descriptive-correlational research. Also, systematic exclusion sampling method (screening) was used to select the sample, and finally the data of 152 companies were analyzed in the six-year period from 2017 to 2023 (912 company-years). To test hypotheses using panel data method, multivariable regression with fixed effects estimation method was used. The results of the study at the 95% confidence level showed that the company's life cycle (maturity stage) moderates the relationship between management characteristics, including managers' overconfidence, managers' myopia, CEO tenure and management ability, with the company's operational efficiency. Also, while the management reward has a positive and significant effect on the company's operational efficiency, but the company's life cycle does not moderate this relationship. https://www.arfr.ir/article_230235.html The present study deals with thematic analysis of accountants' job self-efficacy. This study identifies the themes of the study through thematic analysis. The statistical population of the study consisted of 14 accounting experts in 1403 who were selected based on the purposive sampling method with a snowball approach. The results of the study in the qualitative section showed 3 overarching themes (individual mechanisms in enhancing job self-efficacy, social mechanisms in enhancing job self-efficacy, and structural mechanisms in enhancing job self-efficacy), 7 organizing themes (individual beliefs in self-efficacy, stimulation of professional behavior, institutional factors and infrastructure, social identity of the job, organization's rules and regulations, structured training, and weakness of accounting foundation education) and 29 basic themes. Next, with the aim of measuring the reliability of the identified organizing themes, to explain them in the context of accountants' job self-efficacy, Delphi analysis was used, and based on the average evaluation of the first and second phases of Delphi, it was determined that all dimensions were confirmed, and in this way, the possibility of measuring them through interpretive structural analysis was provided; therefore, based on the fourth research question, an attempt was made to determine the most effective themes of the accountants' job self-efficacy model. In the analysis of the obtained results, it should be stated that, as was determined in the model, institutional factors and infrastructure were the most effective themes of the accountants' job self-efficacy model. https://www.arfr.ir/article_230237.html Considering the significant effect of oil price uncertainty on economic growth and companies' planning for the future, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of oil price uncertainty on the audit fees of companies listed in Tehran Securities & Exchange. In terms of data collection, this research is among quantitative research and in terms of its purpose, it is fundamental. In this regard, the data of 62 firms listed in Tehran Securities & Exchange from energy industry during 2012-2022 selected as statistical samples. Multiple linear regression of random effects model was used for statistical analysis. According to the findings, oil price uncertainty positively affects the audit fees, this means that auditors tend to associate risks with uncertain external factors such as oil price. The empirical evidence primarily supports our view of the “risk effect” rather than the perspective of “bargaining power. The findings indicate that oil price uncertainty as a measure of a client’s business risk has a positive and significant effect on audit fees. Auditors react to the financial situation of companies that face oil price uncertainty and this event leads to a change in auditors' behavior and an increase in audit fees. The results show that oil price uncertainty as a potential risk factor can affect auditors' perceived risk auditors assess the risk as high and therefore, to control the risks in these firms try to increase fundamental tests and audit procedures, which in turn increases the audit fee. https://www.arfr.ir/article_230238.html Forward-looking forecasts made by managers are dependent on the company's earnings performance, which in turn may affect the quality of managers' forecasts for forward-looking information disclosure. The main objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between changes in forward-looking information disclosure and the value of companies with good and poor performance. For this purpose, 178 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange between 2013 and 2023 were selected using the systematic elimination method, and in order to increase the degree of confidence in the results of hypothesis testing, static and dynamic panel data regression methods were used. According to the research findings, in both static and dynamic cases, the variable of change in forward-looking information disclosure has a positive and significant effect on the value of the company with two criteria (Q-Tobin and adjusted Q-Tobin). Also, changes in forward-looking information disclosure have a significant effect on Q-Tobin and adjusted Q-Tobin with good and poor performance in both models. The annual disclosure and modification of forward-looking information, or the failure to disclose and modify it, has consequences for companies and managers of both well-performing and poorly-performing companies. Despite the requirement for companies to disclose forward-looking information in accordance with the Executive Order on Disclosure of Information by Listed Companies, managers with various motivations may change or not change the annual disclosure of forward-looking information. https://www.arfr.ir/article_230239.html One of the theories that emerged in the midst of paradigm shifts in the humanities alongside other economic theories such as Marx's in opposition to pure authoritarianism, and which has now entered other areas of the humanities, such as accounting, is the theory of anarchism. The Purpose of this research is investigating the effect of anarchist accounting functions on the firm accountability of Tehran Stock Exchange. Given the nature of the study based on testing the research hypothesis, the instrument used in this study is a questionnaire. The standard Bovens (2005) questionnaire was used to measure the company's responsiveness. However, due to the novelty of the independent variable (bronze) of the present study, namely anarchist accounting functions, the questionnaire had to be created. For this reason, in the qualitative phase of the study, efforts were made to identify the context of this pivotal phenomenon through grounded theory. Therefore, during 14 interviews with experts and three coding stages, an attempt was made to use the identified categories and core components as the basis for creating a researcher-made questionnaire. Finally, partial least squares analysis (PLS) was used to test the research hypothesis. The results showed that anarchist accounting functions have a positive and significant effect on corporate accountability. The obtained result indicates that the development of advanced accounting approaches such as anarchist accounting, which, with awareness of external needs, are in an effort to create equality and oppose the pure powerism of the monopolistic corporate structure, have higher capacities in accountability. https://www.arfr.ir/article_230240.html Today, social responsibility is recognized as an essential and unavoidable activity within the organizational structure of companies, and various factors influence its performance level. Therefore, the aim of this research is to examine the moderating role of corporate governance and ownership structure in the relationship between managerial short-termism and social responsibility performance. The statistical population of the research consists of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The hypotheses were tested using a sample of 720 firm-year over the period from 2018 to 2023. The results research indicate that managerial short-termism significantly has a negative impact on social responsibility performance. Furthermore, the findings suggest that strong corporate governance and non-state ownership play a crucial role in mitigating this negative impact. The results indicate that the motivation for engaging in social responsibility activities is a determining factor in the direction and intensity of the impact of managerial short-termism on social responsibility. The findings suggest that short-termism, in itself, does not necessarily have a positive or negative effect on social responsibility; rather, the motivation behind these activities determines its impact. Additionally, attention to the components of corporate governance and ownership structure can be used as an effective strategy to enhance social responsibility within organizations. https://www.arfr.ir/article_230241.html The aim of the present research is to examine the impact of earnings management and business strategy on bankruptcy risk, with an emphasis on the role of CEO power. This research is descriptive in nature and method, and based on its objective, it is an applied study categorized as descriptive and of the causal-explanatory type. In conducting this research, 852 company-year observations over a six-year period from 2018 to 2023 were selected. Logistic regression was used to test the hypotheses for acceptance or rejection, employing Eviews software. The results showed that earnings management has a positive and significant effect on a company’s bankruptcy risk. Furthermore, business strategy also has a positive and significant effect on bankruptcy risk. Additionally, the findings indicated that CEO power has a negative and significant moderating effect on the relationship between earnings management and bankruptcy risk. CEO power also has a negative and significant moderating effect on the relationship between business strategy and bankruptcy risk. https://www.arfr.ir/article_230242.html Objective: In an era where data has become a global language, visual accounting, as a bridge between the objectivity of numbers and the subjectivity of images, is not only a tool for displaying information, but also a format for redefining the meaning of truth in the financial world, and shows how visual aesthetics can transform the depth of dry accounting concepts into a human and tangible experience. In this regard, this research, with a philosophical perspective on the role of images in representing reality, explores the key drivers in visual accounting. Method: This study is considered exploratory in terms of methodology and mixed in terms of analysis. Due to the lack of a coherent framework for visual accounting, it was conducted from a grounded theory approach with the help of interviews with experts. Then, using Delphi analysis, the reliability of the identified dimensions was analyzed, and finally, in the quantitative part, the key drivers in visual accounting were determined based on a Mi’kmaq analysis. The statistical population of the study included 14 academic experts and accounting professors with professional experience in the field of accounting and financial reporting, as well as members of the Accounting Standards Committee, who were selected based on a purposive sampling method with a snowball approach. Findings:The results of the present study indicated 4 categories (technological developments and digital innovations in accounting, financial transparency and organizational responsibility, development of professional competencies and advanced learning in accounting and strategic management and data-based financial decision-making), 13 core components https://www.arfr.ir/article_230244.html Performance auditing is recognized as a tool to enhance governance, accountability, and transparency in the public sector. Despite its importance, the acceptance and effective implementation of performance auditing in Iran face several challenges. The study aims to identify and evaluate the factors that influence the enhancement of performance audit acceptance in Iran’s public sector. As an applied research study, it adopts a descriptive-survey method. Data were collected through standardized questionnaires and analyzed using statistical methods and SPSS software. The study’s statistical population consisted of auditors, managers, and deputies of the Supreme Audit Court of Iran, with a sample size of 326 participants. The results, based on multivariate linear regression analysis, indicate that increased financial resources, improved auditor competence, and management support have a direct and positive impact on the quality and effectiveness of performance auditing. The findings suggest that providing adequate financial resources, enhancing the professional competence of auditors, and fostering a supportive environment for conducting performance audits can contribute to improved governance, accountability, and transparency in Iran’s public sector. It is recommended that policymakers and public sector managers allocate sufficient financial resources to performance auditing. Moreover, strengthening managerial support, providing auditor training, and recruiting professional and specialized auditors should be prioritized. https://www.arfr.ir/article_230245.html Internal audit Function(IAF) as one of the internal mechanisms of corporate governance, can help executive managers and audit committee members in performing their duties. According to the Global Internal Auditing Standards(2024), the audit committee and management are the primary stakeholders of internal auditing. The chief audit executive (CAE) will report functionally to the board/audit committee/supervisory committee and administratively (i.e., day-to-day operations) to the chief executive officer (CEO). Based on past research and professional literature, it is not clear whether the IAF meets the needs of both groups. The purpose of this research is to investigate the factors affecting the use of the IAF’s work by executive managers and audit committee. In this regard, 138 CAEs of listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE)& Iran Fara Bourse (IFB) were surveyed in 2021. A questionnaire was used to collect the research data, which was based on the work of Ulrich et al. (2019) and customized according to the conditions of Iran. Finally, the results using multiple linear regression have shown that both executive managers and audit committee mostly use the work of the IAF, which are related to the effectiveness of internal controls and strategic project report. Therefore, given the common interests of the two stakeholder groups, it is suggested that internal audit consider strategic plans and focus on assessing the effectiveness of internal controls, which are its primary responsibilities. https://www.arfr.ir/article_230248.html Objectives: This research is Examining investment frameworks based on debt concentration. Companies that have a lot of financial constraints have more emphasis on cash flows when making decisions, and the increase in the difference between the cost of domestic and foreign financing increases the sensitivity of investing in domestic cash.Method: For this purpose, the data related to 120 companies accepted in Tehran Stock Exchange for the period of 2015 to 2020 were extracted and the hypotheses of the research were tested using the regression model of composite data using the fixed effect method.Results: The results of the first hypothesis of the research indicate the significant impact of financing restrictions on investment sensitivity to cash flows. Also, the second hypothesis of the research indicates that debt maturity has a significant effect on the sensitivity of investment to cash flows. According to the third hypothesis, debt concentration does not have a significant effect on the sensitivity of investment to cash flows, and finally, the fourth hypothesis, the effect of the number of debts on the sensitivity of investment to cash flows, has been confirmed. The results of this research show that by reducing financing restrictions and short-term maturity of debts, problems related to investment will decrease.Conclusion: Based on the results of the research, it can be stated that the high level of debt concentration reduces the financial constraints and the diverse debt structure can also reduce agency costs. https://www.arfr.ir/article_230249.html Earnings management forecasting is an integral part of financial-economic analysis that helps shareholders, investors, creditors and outsiders to obtain high quality financial information of the company. The purpose of this research is to investigate and compare the performance of hybrid feature selection methods with classification algorithms of machine learning methods (including decision tree, k-nearest neighbor, deep learning and ensemble method of Adaboost- support vector machine) and logistic regression method to improve the accuracy of earnings management prediction. In this regard, By using feature selection methods based on relief and particle swarm optimization, earnings management prediction was discussed. In this research, 180 companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange were selected as a statistical sample for the years 1389 to 1400. Also, to test the hypotheses, the criteria of average accuracy and type I and type ΙΙ errors were used. The results show that the performance of companies' earnings management forecasting methods based on relief-based feature selection model is better than the feature selection model based on particle swarm optimization. This result was confirmed in all methods of predicting earnings management. Also, the results indicate the superiority of machine learning methods over logistic regression. In addition, the results show that the earnings management prediction model created by combining the relief method and deep learning provides the best prediction performance with an average accuracy of 89.62%